Vibration effect influence upon non-aqueous phase liquid migration in double-porosity soil
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Published:
Oct 10, 2018
Keywords:
vibration, laboratory experiment, NAPLs migration, aggregate kaolin, image analysis method
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Abstract
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, El-Nino, tsunamis and water pollution have a negative impact on human health and living environment. Some of these may give rise to subsurface vibrations that can potentially increase groundwater pollution risks in double-porosity systems. The more complicated situation was where underground storage tanks and petroleum pipeline damage have caused the leakage of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) which migrated into the groundwater resources. These problems need to be addressed by both professionals and researchers worldwide to ensure the sustainability of groundwater utilization. This paper aims to investigate and understand NAPL migration in vibrated double-porosity soils. To do so it was necessary to study the phenomena and characteristic of soil structure and the pattern of NAPL migration to identify cost-effective remediation schemes. A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the phenomena and characteristics of vibration response and NAPL migration in double-porosity soil deformation under vibration effect using a digital image processing technique(DIPT). The outcomes of the experiment show that the gradual increase of vibration table excitation frequency yielded different vibration responses from the respective soils. This indicated that soil surface acceleration depended significantly on the soil conditions, soil water content, soil structure and the pattern of soil fracturing. NAPL migration was faster in sample 2 with 150 ml toluene than sample 1 with 70 ml toluene and this could be because the greater amount of toluene in sample 2 exerted an extra entry force on top of the soil sample that had yet to migrate through the sample surface. Finally, it was concluded that the DIPT may provide detailed information, and can be used to understand and identify the remediation method as well as to ensure the sustainable consumption of groundwater.
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References
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FREDLUND, D.G., HOUSTON, S.L., NGUYEN, Q. & FREDLUND, M.D. (2010): Moisture movement through cracked clay soil profiles. – Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 28/6, 865–888. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9349-x
GHEZZEHEI, T.A., & OR, D. (2003): Pore-space dynamic in a soil aggregate bed under a static external load.– Soil Science Society America Journal, 67, 12–19. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2003.1200
HARITH, N.S.H., ADNAN, A.R., SHOUSHTARI, A.S. (2017): Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the Kota Kinabalu and Lahad Datu towns of Sabah, Malaysia.– In MATEC Web of Conferences, Seoul, South Korea, PP.09001, 2-11. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201713809001
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INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (2008): Field eztimation of soil water content – A practical guide to methods, instrumentation and sensor technology, IAEA-TCS-30.– International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
JANINA, H., SZABOLCS, B., & JANOS, G. (2017): Cluster defined sedimentary elements of deep-water clastic depositional systems and their 3D spatial visualization using parametrization: a case study from the Pannonian-basin.– Geologia Croatica, 70/2, 73–78. doi:10.4154/gc.2017.06
KAMARUDDIN, S.A., SULAIMAN, W.N.A., RAHMAN, N.A., ZAKARIA, M.P.,
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LAKELAND, D.L., RECHENMACHER, A. & GHANEM, R. (2014): Towards a complete model of soil liquefaction: the importance of fluid flow and grain motion.– In: Proceedings of the Royal Society A – Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, London A470:20130453. doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0453
LEWANDOWSKA, J., SZYMKIEWICZ, A., GORCZEWSKA, W. & VAUCLIN, M. (2005): Infiltration in a double-porosity medium: Experiments and comparison with a theoretical model.– Water Resources Research, 41/2, W02022. doi:10.1029/2004WR003504
LI, X. & ZHANG, L.M. (2009): Characterization of dual-structure pore-size distribution of soil. – Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46, 129–141. doi: 10.1139/T08-110
LOKE, K.F., RAHMAN, N.A. & NAZIR, R. (2017): Experimental study on unsaturated double-porosity soil phenomena under vibration effect.– Jurnal Teknologi, 79/4, 65–72. doi:10.11113/jt.v79.9976
LOKE, K.F., RAHMAN, N.A. & RAMLI, M.Z. (2016): A laboratory study of vibration effect for deformable double-porosity soil with different moisture content.– Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28, SI/3, 207–222.
MAAS, H.G. & HAMPEL, U. (2006): Photogrammetric techniques in civil engineering material testing and structure monitoring.– Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 72/1, 39–45. doi:10.14358/PERS.72.1.39
MANRIQUE, E., MUCI, V. & GURFINKEL, M. (2007): EOR field experiences in carbonate reservoirs in the United States.– SPE Reservoir Evaluation Engineering, 10, 667–686. doi:10.2118/100063-PA
NGIEN, S.K., CHIN, P.Q., HASAN, M., ALI, M.I., TADZA, M.Y.M. & RAHMAN, N.A. (2016): Image analysis of non-aqueous phase liquid migration in aggregated kaolin. – ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11/10, 6393–6398.
NGIEN, S.K., RAHMAN, N.A., AHMAD, K. & LEWIS, R.W. (2012): A review of experimental studies on double-porosity soils.– Scientific Research and Essays, 7/38, 3243–3250. doi:10.5897/SRE11.2131
NGIEN, S.K., RAHMAN, N.A., BOB, M.M., AHMAD, K., SA’ARI, R. & LEWIS, R.W. (2011): Observation of light non-aqueous phase liquid migration in aggregated soil using image analysis.– Transport in Porous Media, 92/1, 83–100. doi:10.1007/s11242-011-9892-9S
OOSTROM, M., DANE, J.H. & WIETSMA, T.W. (2007): A review of multidimentional, multifluid, intermediate-scale experiments: Flow behaviour, saturation imaging and tracer detection and quantification.– Vadose Zone Journal, 570–598. doi:10.2136/vzj2006.0178
PAO, W.K.S. & LEWIS, R.W. (2002): Three-dimensional finite element simulation of three-phase flow in a deforming fissured reservoir.– Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 191/23–24, 2631–2659. doi:10.1016/S0045-7825(01)00420-0
PENG, Z., DUWIG, C., DELMAS, P., GAUDET, J.P., STROZZI, A.G., CHARRIER, P. & DENIS, H. (2015): Visualization and characterization of heterogeneous water flow in double-porosity media by means of X-ray computed tomography.– Transport in Porous Media, 110, 543–564. doi:10.1007/s11242-015-0572-z
RYZHIK, V. (2007): Spreading of a NAPL lens in a double-porosity medium.– Computational Geosciences, 11/1, 1–8.
doi:10.1007/s10596-006-9040-8
SA`ARI, R., RAHMAN, N.A., LATIF ABDUL, N.H., YUSOF, Z.M., NGIEN, S.K., KAMARUDDIN, S.A., MUSTAFFAR, M. & HEZMI, M.A. (2015): Application of digital image processing technique in monitoring LNAPL migration in double porosity soil column.– Jurnal Teknologi, 3/72, 23–29. doi:10.11113/jt.v72.4018
SITTHIPHAT, E.A. & SIAM, Y. (2016): Investigation of average optical density and degree of liquids saturation in sand by image analysis method.– KKU Eng. Journal, 43/S1, 147–151. doi:10.14456/kkuenj.2016.44
SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA (1987): Glossary of soil science terms.– Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
TIAN, J., WANG, J., HAO, Y., DU, H. & LI, X. (2014): Toluene sensing properties of porous Pd-loaded flower-like SnO2 microspheres.– Sensors and Actuators, B202, 795–802. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.05.048
TOMLINSON, D.W., RIVETT, M.O., WEALTHALL, G.P., & SWEENEY, R.E.H. (2017): Understanding complex LNAPL sites: Illustrated handbook of LNAPL transport and fate in the subsurface.– Journal of Environmental Management, 204, 748–756. Doi:10.1016/j/jenvman,2017.05045
TRANNGOC, T.D., LEWANDOWSKA, J. & BERTIN, H. (2014): Experimental evidence of the double-porosity effects in geo-meterials.– Acta Geophysica, 62, 642–655. doi:10.2478/s11600-013-0198-x
ALAZAIZA, M.Y.D., NGIEN, S.K., BOB, M.M., KAMARUDDIN, S.A. & ISHAK, W.M.F. (2017): Influence of macro-pores on DNAPL migration in double-porosity soil using light transmission visualization method. – Transport in Porous Media, 117, 103–123.
doi:10.1007/s11242-017-0822-3
BAGHERIEH, A.R., KHALILI, N., HABIBAGAHI, G. & GHAHRAMANI, A. (2009): Drying response and effective stress in a double porosity aggregated soil. – Engineering Geology, 105/1–2, 44–50. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.12.009
BARBARA, S., FELIX, S., TIVADAR, M.T., & GABOR, S. (2016): Palaeofluid evolution in a fractured basalt hosted reservior in the Ulles-Ruzsa-Bordany area, southern sector of the Pannonian basin.– Geologia Croatica, 69/3, 281–293. doi:10.4154/gc.2016.25
CARMINATI, A., KAESTNER, A., LEHMAN, P. & FLÜHLER, H. (2008): Unsaturated water flow across soil aggregate contacts.– Advances in Water Resources, 31/9, 1221–1232. doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.01.008
DAVIDSON, E.A. & TRUMBORE, S.E. (1995): Gas diffusivity and production of CO2 in deep soils of the eastern amazon.– Tellus, 47, 550–565. doi: 10.3402/tellusb.v47i5.16071
EL-ZEIN, A., CARTER, J.P. & AIREY, D.W. (2006): Three-dimensional finite elements for the analysis of soil contamination using a multiple-porosity approach.– International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 30/7, 577–597. doi:10.1002/nag.491
FLORES, G., KATSUMI, T., INUI, T. & KAMON, M. (2011): A simplified image analysis method to study LNAPLs migration in porous media.– Soil and Foundation, 51, 835–847. doi: 10.3208/sandf.51.835
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (2005): Drought-resistant soils- optimization of soil moisture for sustainable plant production, FAO Land and Water Bulletin 11.– Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FREDLUND, D.G., HOUSTON, S.L., NGUYEN, Q. & FREDLUND, M.D. (2010): Moisture movement through cracked clay soil profiles. – Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 28/6, 865–888. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9349-x
GHEZZEHEI, T.A., & OR, D. (2003): Pore-space dynamic in a soil aggregate bed under a static external load.– Soil Science Society America Journal, 67, 12–19. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2003.1200
HARITH, N.S.H., ADNAN, A.R., SHOUSHTARI, A.S. (2017): Deaggregation of probabilistic ground motions in the Kota Kinabalu and Lahad Datu towns of Sabah, Malaysia.– In MATEC Web of Conferences, Seoul, South Korea, PP.09001, 2-11. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201713809001
HILLEL, D. (1998): Environmental soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego.
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (2008): Field eztimation of soil water content – A practical guide to methods, instrumentation and sensor technology, IAEA-TCS-30.– International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
JANINA, H., SZABOLCS, B., & JANOS, G. (2017): Cluster defined sedimentary elements of deep-water clastic depositional systems and their 3D spatial visualization using parametrization: a case study from the Pannonian-basin.– Geologia Croatica, 70/2, 73–78. doi:10.4154/gc.2017.06
KAMARUDDIN, S.A., SULAIMAN, W.N.A., RAHMAN, N.A., ZAKARIA, M.P.,
MUSTAFFAR, M. & SA’ARI, R. (2011): Two-dimensional laboratory investigation of light non-aqueous phase liquid migration in subsurface environment. – In: Contemporary Environment Quality Management in Malaysia and Selected Countries, Serdang, Malaysia: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.
KRISNANTO, S., RAHARDJO, H., FREDLUND, D.G. & LEONG, E.C. (2014): Mapping of cracked soils and lateral water flow characteristics through a network of cracks. – Engineering Geology, 172, 12–25. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.01.002
LAKELAND, D.L., RECHENMACHER, A. & GHANEM, R. (2014): Towards a complete model of soil liquefaction: the importance of fluid flow and grain motion.– In: Proceedings of the Royal Society A – Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, London A470:20130453. doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0453
LEWANDOWSKA, J., SZYMKIEWICZ, A., GORCZEWSKA, W. & VAUCLIN, M. (2005): Infiltration in a double-porosity medium: Experiments and comparison with a theoretical model.– Water Resources Research, 41/2, W02022. doi:10.1029/2004WR003504
LI, X. & ZHANG, L.M. (2009): Characterization of dual-structure pore-size distribution of soil. – Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46, 129–141. doi: 10.1139/T08-110
LOKE, K.F., RAHMAN, N.A. & NAZIR, R. (2017): Experimental study on unsaturated double-porosity soil phenomena under vibration effect.– Jurnal Teknologi, 79/4, 65–72. doi:10.11113/jt.v79.9976
LOKE, K.F., RAHMAN, N.A. & RAMLI, M.Z. (2016): A laboratory study of vibration effect for deformable double-porosity soil with different moisture content.– Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28, SI/3, 207–222.
MAAS, H.G. & HAMPEL, U. (2006): Photogrammetric techniques in civil engineering material testing and structure monitoring.– Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 72/1, 39–45. doi:10.14358/PERS.72.1.39
MANRIQUE, E., MUCI, V. & GURFINKEL, M. (2007): EOR field experiences in carbonate reservoirs in the United States.– SPE Reservoir Evaluation Engineering, 10, 667–686. doi:10.2118/100063-PA
NGIEN, S.K., CHIN, P.Q., HASAN, M., ALI, M.I., TADZA, M.Y.M. & RAHMAN, N.A. (2016): Image analysis of non-aqueous phase liquid migration in aggregated kaolin. – ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11/10, 6393–6398.
NGIEN, S.K., RAHMAN, N.A., AHMAD, K. & LEWIS, R.W. (2012): A review of experimental studies on double-porosity soils.– Scientific Research and Essays, 7/38, 3243–3250. doi:10.5897/SRE11.2131
NGIEN, S.K., RAHMAN, N.A., BOB, M.M., AHMAD, K., SA’ARI, R. & LEWIS, R.W. (2011): Observation of light non-aqueous phase liquid migration in aggregated soil using image analysis.– Transport in Porous Media, 92/1, 83–100. doi:10.1007/s11242-011-9892-9S
OOSTROM, M., DANE, J.H. & WIETSMA, T.W. (2007): A review of multidimentional, multifluid, intermediate-scale experiments: Flow behaviour, saturation imaging and tracer detection and quantification.– Vadose Zone Journal, 570–598. doi:10.2136/vzj2006.0178
PAO, W.K.S. & LEWIS, R.W. (2002): Three-dimensional finite element simulation of three-phase flow in a deforming fissured reservoir.– Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 191/23–24, 2631–2659. doi:10.1016/S0045-7825(01)00420-0
PENG, Z., DUWIG, C., DELMAS, P., GAUDET, J.P., STROZZI, A.G., CHARRIER, P. & DENIS, H. (2015): Visualization and characterization of heterogeneous water flow in double-porosity media by means of X-ray computed tomography.– Transport in Porous Media, 110, 543–564. doi:10.1007/s11242-015-0572-z
RYZHIK, V. (2007): Spreading of a NAPL lens in a double-porosity medium.– Computational Geosciences, 11/1, 1–8.
doi:10.1007/s10596-006-9040-8
SA`ARI, R., RAHMAN, N.A., LATIF ABDUL, N.H., YUSOF, Z.M., NGIEN, S.K., KAMARUDDIN, S.A., MUSTAFFAR, M. & HEZMI, M.A. (2015): Application of digital image processing technique in monitoring LNAPL migration in double porosity soil column.– Jurnal Teknologi, 3/72, 23–29. doi:10.11113/jt.v72.4018
SITTHIPHAT, E.A. & SIAM, Y. (2016): Investigation of average optical density and degree of liquids saturation in sand by image analysis method.– KKU Eng. Journal, 43/S1, 147–151. doi:10.14456/kkuenj.2016.44
SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA (1987): Glossary of soil science terms.– Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
TIAN, J., WANG, J., HAO, Y., DU, H. & LI, X. (2014): Toluene sensing properties of porous Pd-loaded flower-like SnO2 microspheres.– Sensors and Actuators, B202, 795–802. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.05.048
TOMLINSON, D.W., RIVETT, M.O., WEALTHALL, G.P., & SWEENEY, R.E.H. (2017): Understanding complex LNAPL sites: Illustrated handbook of LNAPL transport and fate in the subsurface.– Journal of Environmental Management, 204, 748–756. Doi:10.1016/j/jenvman,2017.05045
TRANNGOC, T.D., LEWANDOWSKA, J. & BERTIN, H. (2014): Experimental evidence of the double-porosity effects in geo-meterials.– Acta Geophysica, 62, 642–655. doi:10.2478/s11600-013-0198-x