Current utilization and hydrochemical characteristics of geothermal aquifers in the Bjelovar sub-depression
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Published:
May 26, 2022
Keywords:
geothermal aquifers, basin fill type, basement type, utilization, Bjelovar sub-depression, Croatia
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Abstract
The Bjelovar sub-depression is situated in the north-western part of Croatia, on the southwestern margin of the Pannonian Basin System where favourable geothermal conditions exist. Thermal waters are used for recreation, balneotherapy, space heating, directly as sanitary water and electricity production. Geophysical, geological and borehole data were used to determine the types of geothermal reservoirs. In addition, several campaigns were conducted to sample geothermal waters from the Daruvar spa, Velika-1 and Krečaves locations for isotope (δ18Ο and δ2H) and physico- chemical (EC, T, pH, DO, Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+, Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-, Br-, F-, SiO2 and H2S) analyses to determine their hydrochemical characteristics. Two major types of geothermal reservoirs were determined: (i) ‘basement – BM’ reservoir, (ii) ‘basin fill – BF’ reservoir. The BM reservoir consists of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sediments composed of: (i) fractured/karstified carbonate sediments and/or (ii) fractured/fissured crystalline/metamorphic rocks. The BF reservoirs are ‘Lower Pannonian’ and ‘Upper Pannonian’ sediments composed of coarse and fine-grained sand, sandstones and marls. The BM geothermal aquifers are the most important ones in the study area. The stable isotope δ2H and δ18O indicate that the monitored thermal waters have a meteoric origin, but without recent replenishment. Monitored waters belong to mixed hydrochemical types, from Na-ClHCO3 to Na-HCO3 types in the deep basin thermal waters and a CaMg-HCO3 type in the thermal waters from shallower parts. The study area has great geothermal potential. The estimated total available thermal power from Križevci, Velika-1 and the Daruvar spa is 70.5 MWt, but only 28 % of this thermal power is used. Since the predominant activity in the study area is agriculture, the geothermal resources available could lead to modern agricultural development and consequently contribute to increasing the standard of living of the local population. However, additional geophysical, geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigations at a number of new potential locations are required to estimate the total available geothermal resources.
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References
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BOROVIĆ, S., POLA, M., BAČANI, A. & URUMOVIĆ, K. (2019): Constraining the recharge area of a hydrothermal system in fractured carbonates by numerical modelling.−Geothermics, 82, 128–149. doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.05.017
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CARTWRIGHT, I., WEAVER, T.R., SIMMONS, C.T., FIFIELD, L.K., LAWRENCE, C.R., CHISARI, R. & VARLEY, S. (2010): Physical hydrogeology and environmental isotopes to constrain the age, origins and stability of a low-salinity groundwater lens formed by periodic river recharge: Murray Basin, Australia.− J. Hydrol., 380, 203–221. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.11.001
CROSCO (2009): Izvještaj o bušenju bušotine Dar-1 [Drilling report of the borehole Dar-1 – in Croatian].– Unpublished, Fund of professional documentation of Crosco, Zagreb.
CVETKOVIĆ, M., MATOŠ, B., RUKAVINA, D., KOLENKOVIĆ MOČILAC, I., SAFTIĆ, B., BAKETARIĆ, T., BAKETARIĆ, M., VUIĆ, I., STOPAR, A., JARIĆ, A. & PAŠKOV, T. (2019): Geoenergy potential of the Croatian part of Pannonian Basin: insights from the reconstruction of the pre-Neogene basement unconformity.− J. Maps, 15/2, 651–661. doi: 10.1080/17445647.2019.1645052
DARLINGe (2017-2019): Danube Region Leading Geothermal Energy project, http://www.interreg-danube.eu/approved-projects/darlinge
DOMENICO, P.A. & SCHWARTZ, F.W. (1990): Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology.– John Willey and Sons, New York, 824 p.
GORJANOVIĆ-KRAMBERGER, D. (1896): Geology and hydrogeology of the area of Stubičke Toplice. Zagreb.
GRUDELJ, A. (1890): Zaštitne zone termalnih izvora i kupelji Vraždinskih Toplica u Varaždinskoj županiji na putu prema Novom Marofu [Protection zones of the bathing area of the thermal springs in Varaždinske Toplice in the Varaždin County towards Novi Marof – in Croatian]. Zagreb, 25p.
HORVÁTH, F. (1993): Towards a mechanical model for the formation of the Pannonian Basin.– Tectonophysics, 225, 333–358. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90126-5
HUNJAK, T., LUTZ, H.O. & ROLLER-LUTZ, Z. (2013): Stable isotope composition of the meteoric precipitation in Croatia.– Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 49/3, 336–45. doi: 10.1080/10256016.2013.816697
INA (1966): Geološki i DTS izvještaj bušotine Ze-1 [Geological and DTS reports of well Ze-1 – in Croatian].– Unpublished, Fund of professional documentation of INA, Zagreb provided by Ministry of Economy and Energy, 25 p.
INA (1990): Geološki i DTS izvještaj bušotina VC-1 i VC-1A [Geological and DTS reports of wells VC-1 and VC-1A – in Croatian].– Unpublished, Fund of professional documentation of INA, Zagreb provided by Ministry of Economy and Energy 50 p.
JANKOWSKI, J., ACWORTH, R.I & SHEKARFOROUSH, S. (1998): Reverse ion exchange in deeply weathered porphyritic dacite fractured aquifer system, Yass, New South Wales, Australia.– In: AREHART, G.B. & HULSTON, J.R. (eds.): Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Taupo, New Zealand, 30 March - 3 April, 1998. Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, 243–246.
LARVA, O., MRAZ, V. & MARKOVIĆ, T. (2008): Daruvarske toplice - Elaborat utvrđivanja eksploatacijske izdašnosti Ivanovog vrela i objekta Š-3 [Daruvarske Spa - Study for determining the exploitation yields of Ivanovo vrelo and Š-3 – in Croatian].– Unpubl. Technical report, Archive of the Croatian Geological Survey, 10 p.
LARVA, O., MRAZ, V. & MARKOVIĆ, T. (2009): Hidrogeološki nadzor tijekom bušenja, ugradnje, čišćenja i pokusnog crpljenja istražno – eksploatacijke bušotine Dar-1 u Daruvaru [Hydrogeological monitoring during drilling, installation, cleaning and experimental pumping of the exploration-exploitation well Dar-1 in Daruvar – in Croatian].– Unpubl. Technical report, Archive of the Croatian Geological Survey, 12 p.
MAGYAR, I., RADIVOJEVIĆ, D., SZTANÓ, O., SYNAK, R., UJSZÁSZI, K. & PÓCSIK, M. (2013): Progradation of the paleo-Danube shelf margin across the Pannonian Basin during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene.– Glob. Planet. Change, 103, 168–173. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.06.007
MALJKOVIĆ, D. & GUDMUNDSSON J.R. (eds.) (2017): Geothermal Energy Utilisation Potential in Croatia by SANJA ŽIVKOVIĆ (EIHP), RUDOLF VAN HEMERT (EIHP), DRAŽEN TUMARA (EIHP), KARMEN STUPIN (EIHP), J. RÚNAR MAGNÚSSON (EFLA Consulting Engineers, Iceland), HEIMIR HJARTARSON (EFLA Consulting Engineers, Iceland), JILL ROBINSON HAIZLIP (Geologica Geothermal Group), MANON M. STÖVER, (Geologica Geothermal Group), EIHP, Zagreb, 57 p.
MALVIĆ, T. & VELIĆ, J. (2010): Relations between effective thickness, gas production and porosity in heterogeneous reservoirs: an example from the Molve Field, Croatian Pannonian Basin.– Pet. Geosci., 16, 41–51. doi: 10.1144/1354- 079309-722
MANDEL, S. & SHIFTAN, Z.L. (1980): Groundwater Resources: Investigation and Development.– Academic Press, New York, 269 p.
MARKOVIĆ, T. & LARVA, O. (2012): Hydrochemistry of thermal water in Daruvar area.– In: STEVANOVIĆ, Z. (ed.): Proceedings of 14th Serbian symposium of Hydrogeology with international participation, University of Belgrade, Mining and Geology Faculty, Belgrade, 187–191.
MARKOVIĆ, T., BOROVIĆ, S. & LARVA, O. (2015): Geochemical characteristics of thermal waters of Hrvatsko zagorje.− Geol. Croat., 68/1, 67–77. doi: 10.4154/GC.2015.05
MCLEAN, W. & JANKOWSKI, J. (2000): Groundwater quality and sustainability in an alluvial aquifer, Australia.– In: SILILO, A. (ed.): XXX IAH congress on groundwater: past achievements and future challenges. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
MRAZ, V. (1983): Izvještaj o hidrogeološkim istražnim radovima na području Daruvarskih toplica II. faza [Report on hydrogeological exploration works in the area of Daruvar Spa II phase – in Croatian].– Unpubl. Technical report, Archive of the Croatian Geological Survey, 13 p.
NÁDOR, A., SEBESS-ZILAHI, L., ROTÁR-SZALKAI, Á., GULYÁS, Á. & MARKOVIĆ, T. (2020): New methods of geothermal potential assessment in the Pannonian basin.− Neth. J. Geosci., 98, e10. doi: 10.1017/njg.2019.7
OFFICIAL GAZETTE 153/09, 63/11, 130/11, 56/13, 14/14.– Water Act.
OFFICIAL GAZETTE 52/18, 52/19.– Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbons Act.
OFFICIAL GAZETTE 56/13, 14/14.– Mining Act.
PAVELIĆ, D. (2001): Tectonostratigraphic model for the North Croatian and North Bosnian sector of the Miocene Pannonian Basin System.− Basin Res., 13, 359–376. doi: 10.1046/j.0950-091x.2001.00155.x
PRELOGOVIĆ, E., SAFTIĆ, B., KUK, V., VELIĆ, J., DRAGAŠ, M. & LUČIĆ, D. (1998): Tectonic activity in the Croatian part of the Pannonian basin.− Tectonophysics, 297, 283–293. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00173-5
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